Peru
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About Peru
Peru or officially the Republic of Peru is a country in western South America. It is bordered by Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south and west Pacific.
The Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and the Inca Empire, the largest state in pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis and periods of stability and economic recovery.
Peru is a presidential representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the Andes mountains and Amazon Basin tropical forests. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index by about 40% of population below the poverty line. The country’s main business is from an economic point of agriculture, fisheries, mining, and manufacturing of products like textiles.
The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic and consists of indigenous peoples, Europeans, Africans and Asians. Spanish is the predominant language, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua and other indigenous languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, food, literature and music.
Etymology
The word Peru is derived from Birú, the name of a local ruler who lived near San Miguel Bay in Panama in the 16th century. When his possessions were discovered by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were in the southernmost part of the New World, known to Europeans. When Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, were described those who Birú or Peru. The Spanish Crown gave the name legal status in 1529, and after the collision with the Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, which became the Republic of Peru after independence.
Prehistory
The earliest evidence of human presence dating back to approximately 11,000 years BC The oldest known complex society in Peru, Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the Pacific coast between 3000 and 1800 BC These early developments were followed by Archaeological cultures such as Chavin, Paracas, Moche, Nazca, Wari and Chimú. In the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a strong state that lasted over a century and formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.
Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; farming of camels and llamas, and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money.
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