Indonesia
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About Indonesia
Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia, which consists of six main islands of Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, Bali, Kalimantan and Irian Jaya, and 13,677 smaller islands. About 3,000 of the islands are inhabited, stretching over a volcanic area of almost 5,000 km. Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago. The country is a member of ASEAN.
The country covers only 1.3 per cent. of Earth’s surface but represents a region with very large natural variation in flora and fauna. 10% of Earth’s flowering plants, 17% of its birds, 12 per cent. of its mammals and 16 per cent. of its reptiles and amphibians are represented in Indonesia.
The country was formed after the dissolution of the Dutch East Indies.
Fossils of Homo erectus, known as “Java Man” is proof that Indonesia was inhabited arkepilag for 2 million to 500,000 years ago. Austronesian people who form the majority of the country’s current population, migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They came to Indonesia around 2000 fr.K. and while they are spread over arkepilaget were the native Melanesian people have to move to the eastern areas. Good agricultural conditions and the use of rice fields as early as the eighth fr.K. century, opened the possibility that villages, towns and small kingdoms to arise 100 AD Indonesia’s high shipping position enabled the country to negotiate around the world. For example, signed trade agreements with the Indian kingdoms and China several centuries BC Trade has since been part of Indonesian history.
Nutmegs found in Indonesia’s Banda Islands. It was formerly one of the most valuable goods and brought the first European colonists to Indonesia.
From the seventh century AD arose the powerful Srivijaya kingdom-because trade and the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism that was brought with it. Between the eighth and 10 century arose and fell to the Buddhist Sailendra farming communities and the Hindu Mataram on Java’s inland and left great religious monuments like Borobudur and Mataram Sailendras Prambanan. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom, was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century and under Gajah Mada, was the influence on much of Indonesia. This period is often called “Golden Age” in Indonesian history.
Although Muslim traders first traveled to Southeast Asia in the early Islamic era, are the earliest evidence of a Muslim population in Indonesia back to the 13th century in northern Sumatra. Other areas of Indonesia introduced Islam, little by little, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. Islam was largely mixed with the existing cultures and religions, which amended the earlier form of Islam in Indonesia, especially Java. The first Europeans arrived in Indonesia in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, would claim of nutmeg, clove and cucebpeber the Moluccas. Dutch and British traders came later. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power gardens, and Dutch government established the Dutch East Indies as their national colony in the country.
For most of the colonial era, the Dutch navy is not very good control over arkepilaget. Only in the early 20th century Dutch could extend to the limits that currently exist in Indonesia. Japan’s invasion and subsequent occupation by the second World put an end to Dutch rule, and encouraged the previously pressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after Japan’s surrender in August 1945 declared Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, Indonesia’s independence and was appointed president. Holland tried to restore their rule, and an armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949 when Indonesia after international pressure was recognized (except the Dutch territory of West New Guinea, which became part of Indonesia after New York Agreement in 1962, and the UN mandate Free Choice Act in 1969).
Sukarno, Indonesia’s first president
Sukarno moved from democracy to authoritarian rule, and maintained his power in order to make transparent the opponents of the military and the Indonesian Communist Party. An attempted coup on 30th September 1965 was stopped by the army, which sparked a series of violent attacks against the Communists. The Communist Party was accused of attempted coup and destroyed. Between 500,000 to 1,000,000 people were killed. The head of the military, General Suharto did so for the politically weakened Sukarno, and was appointed president in March 1968. His new administration, was supported by the U.S. Government and encouraged foreign investment in Indonesia, which was a big factor in the next three decades of substantial economic growth. However, the new authoritarian regime accused of corruption and attacks on opposition
In 1997 and 1998, Indonesia was the country which was hardest hit by the Asian crisis. This increased popular discontent with the country’s rule and led to protests. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998. In 1999, East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia, after a 25 year long military occupation that was marked by international criticism of Indonesia’s brutality against East Timor. Since the fall of Suharto, democracy is strengthened and have been introduced autonomy in the various regions and the first presidential election in 2004. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption and terrorism have made the process slower. Although relations between different religions and ethnic groups often are relaxed, there is intolerance and violence in some areas. A political settlement between the Movement for a Free Aceh (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka – GAM) and the Indonesian government was signed in Helsinki d. 15 August 2005.
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