Bosnia And Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina a former republic of Yugoslavia is a country in Southeastern Europe, surrounded by land on all sides except the south where the country has access to the Adriatic. Is bordered in the west of Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia in the east.
Bosnia-Herzegovina is divided into two units:
- Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, dominated by Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) and Croats.
- Republika Srpska (RS), dominated by Serbs.
Br?ko (BD) in northern Bosnia is an independent administrative unit in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the unit is not part of the Federation or RS.
History
In antiquity the area was part of Illyria, since belonged to Bosnia, alternately, the Slavic medieval kingdoms and Austria-Hungary. Bosnia-Herzegovina was in ancient times a part of Illyria. From year 9 AD Romans got firm control of the area and the Latin language won gradually spreading. Administratively, the area was divided between the provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia. In the 300 – and 400-t. it was invaded by the Goths and shortly after 600 of Slavs, which made the whole area homogeneous Slavic-speaking. In 600 – 1100-t. tried Hungary, Serbia, Croatia and the Byzantine Empire to sovereignty over the area. Ban Kulin (1163-1204), who reigned from 1180 to 1204 founded the independent Bosnian state, and unique Bosnian Church also known as Bogomils. His rule is often remembered as Bosnia’s golden age, and he is a joint Bosnian national hero folktales. Tvrtko Kotromani? (1338 – 1391) was an important native ruler of medieval Bosnia who transformed the country from an autonomous Banat to an independent kingdom. Tvrtko first was a great conqueror, and his kingdom evolved into a Storbosnien who at his death in 1391 beyond the current Bosnia included the southern Dalmatia and part of Montenegro.
From 1415-1878 under the Ottoman Empire, which had gradually conquered it was Bosnia a key state in the Ottoman Empire, mainly because of its geographical location. Mon Bosnia injected some immigrants from other parts of the Ottoman Empire. In the aftermath of the Turkish conquest was a big part of the Bosnian population to Islam, in contrast to the population in most other places in the Balkans, due to decrease of the Bosnian church and other church institutions other than Francis. Bosnian Muslims did very well in the Ottoman Empire and provided military leaders, the Grand Vizier and diplomats to do so. In 1800, there were some revolts against the Ottoman Empire that culminated in the brief independence under Husein-Kapetan Gradaš?evi? (Dragon of Bosnia).
In 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina governed by Austria-Hungary, although it remains formally part of the Ottoman Empire, but the agreement gave Austria-Hungary the right to occupy and administer the area. Before the papers came to be signed in Paris, marched the Austro-Hungarian army into Bosnia and defeated the Bosniaks (Muslims) after a short war. One third of the population were Serbs, opposed the Austro-Hungarian power later because of bitterness in Serbia, where one had imagined that the area would be Serb, when Turkish domination in the Balkans, finally collapsed.
That was why the Serb student Gavrilo Princip assassination of the Austro-Hungarian throne, Francis Ferdinand, when he was on an official visit to Sarajevo in June 1914th Killing of Austro-Hungarian throne and his pregnant wife triggered the diplomatic crisis that led to the outbreak of the first World War II. World War I led to Austria-Hungary’s defeat and the dissolution and disappearance of Bosnia as an administrative unit. Provincial boundaries in the new southern Slavic kingdom (from 1929 Yugoslavia) was pulled across the old boundaries. The new southern Slavic kingdom called itself until 1929 “The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Bosnians would then have to figure out whether they would regard themselves as Serbs or Croats.
Bosnia-Herzegovina was the most abused part of Yugoslavia during the second World War II. It was here that the Communist-led Partisans under Tito had built their power base. In Jajce in Bosnia was formed on 29.11.1943 basis for a Yugoslav federal republic based on parity between nations. During the war, captured the fascist Croatian state under Ante Pavelic almost the whole of Bosnia-Herzegovina and initiated a war of extermination against the large Serbian population in the area. Therefore developed second War in Bosnia Herzegovina for a two-war in which both fought a war against occupation and a civil war between Yugoslavia’s ethnic and political groups. The Croatian ustasjabevægelse, Serbian tjetnikbevægelse, German-bosniakkiske SS Divisions (SS Handschar) and the Communist Partisans led by Tito who won eventually supported by all ethnic groups in Bosnia Herzegovina. Bosnia-Herzegovina was in 1945 one of six new Yugoslav republics within the borders before 1918 with some adjustments. There were mainly for statistical reasons a place of registration of citizens, national affiliations.
Not until 1971 was called “muslimani” used as an official statistical category. Until then, Bosnians might then even find out if they would consider himself only as Serbs or Croats. “Muslims” were now Bosnia-Herzegovina’s largest population, while Serbs took second place. The new ethnic category, however, played no role as long as the Communist Party-controlled Bosnia.
Bosnia was not the fore during the recent political and military struggles that led to Yugoslavia’s real resolution in 1991. War broke out in the EU countries’ recognition of Bosnia-Herzegovina as an independent state 6.4.1992. There was extensive ethnic cleansing carried out and what was effectively a war against civilians, was also reflected in the worst massacre in Europe since the second World War II, including Srebrenica, the siege of Sarajevo. By the amerikanskmæglede Dayton Agreement in November 1995 agreed the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian president on an externally united Bosnia-Herzegovina, internally divided into two units.
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